KEY WORDS: ALL RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FRUIT CROP BREEDING, BREEDING AND VARIETY REARING OF FRUIT AND BERRY CROPS, BREEDING PROGRAMS

ABSTRACT: A brief history of the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding for 170 years is presented. The Institute has passed the way from an arboretum to a unique pomology and breeding scientifi c institution on fruit crops. Nowadays, the Institute is the only specialized breeding institution on fruit crops in Russia and round the world. Its tasks are to embrace a comprehensive development of priority directions of researches connected with horticulture development including breeding and variety rearing of fruit and berry crops, progressive forms of market horticulture organization; production of planting material of fruit and berry crops, etc. 177 cultivars have been developed at the Institute, 123 of them have been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted for Use. Breeding investigations are being carried out on 13 crops mostly on apples, pears, currants, cherries, etc. The realization of the contemporary breeding programs is fulfilled in a close contact of breeders with the specialists of other laboratories: biochemistry, technological estimation of fruit and storage, molecular genetics, cytology, biotechnology and physiology of fruit plant resistance. The Institute staff is characterized by a high qualifi cation, continuity of generations, and vision of the industry development prospects.

KEY WORDS: APPLE, BREEDING, CULTIVARS, DWARF HABIT, COMPACTNESS, COLUMNAR TYPE OF TREES

ABSTRACT: Horticulture intensification stipulates increasing of stand density, use of cultivars with compact and low-sized trees. This paper pays attention to the development of apple cultivars with natural dwarf habit of trees and small compact crown as well as columnar cultivars as a new biological form. Data generalization for many years has shown that the greatest number of dwarf apple seedlings have been obtained in the following hybrid families from multiple repeated crossings such as [(Pepin Shafranny x Pomonkitaika) x Skryzhapel] - 8,5 %, [Pepin Shafranny x (Wealthy x Antonovka Obyknovennaya)] - 5,1 % as well as from crossings in families: Skryzhapel x McIntosh - 7,7 %, Antonovka Obyknovennaya x King - 2,7 %, McIntosh x Kitaika-mat’ - 2,4 %. A great number of seedlings with a volume compact crown have been obtained among the seedlings genetically associated with McIntosh. The greatest output of compact seedlings with a volume crown has been obtained in the families where one of the parents is seedling 11-16164 (McIntosh - open pollination), 31,7 - 52,7 %. It has been determined that compact seedlings are usually less vigorous. The selected dwarf compact seedlings are of interest as valuable sources for the further breeding. The introduction of columnar apple cultivars as a new biological apple form at most allows intensifying fruit production. Columnar apple breeding has been carried out at our Institute since 1981. Eight columnar cultivars have been developed. Brief descriptions of four cultivars (Priokskoye, Vostorg, Poezia and Sozvezdie) are given in the paper. The selected donor of high compactness (34-34-98 seedling) gives a chance to expect a possible increase of compactness degree (a relation of internode length to shoot thickness) in new cultivars.

1. Kachalkin M.V. Istochniki selektsionno-tsennykh priznakov u kolonnovidnoy yabloni [Source of breeding and valuable features in columnar apple] Istoriya, sovremennost i perspektivy razvitiya sadovodstva Rossii: sb. nauch. rabot. Moscow, 2000, pp. 142-145. (in Russian)
2. Kachalkin M.V. Ispolzovanie kolonnovidnoy yabloni v superintensivnykh nasazhdeniyakh [Using of the columnar apple trees in super intensive plantations] Sostoyanie i perspektivy selektsii plodovykh kultur: mater. mezhd. nauch.-prak. konf. (21-24 avgusta 2001 g., Minsk). Minsk, 2001. pp. 78-80. (in Russian)
3. Kichina V.V. Geneticheskie osnovy selektsii yabloni na urozhaynost' i kompaktnyy gabitus [Genetic basis of apple breeding for yield and compact habit] Selektsiya sortov yabloni intensivnogo tipa. Kiev, 1983, pp. 103-106. (in Russian)
4. Kichina V.V. Donory kompaktnoy kolonnoobraznoy krony yabloni [Donors of compact columnar crown of the apple tree]. Sadovodstvo, 1985, № 4, pp. 24-25. (in Russian)
5. Kichina V.V. Yabloki bez vetok [Apple trees without branches]. Nauka i zhizn, 1994, № 9, pp. 104-106. (in Russian)
6. Kichina V.V. Kolonnovidnye yabloni [Columnar apple trees] -M.: VSTISP, 2002.
7. Korneeva S.A., Sedov E.N. Vyrashchivanie kolonnovidnykh sortov yabloni pri razlichnykh tekhnologiyakh [Growing columnar apple tree varieties at various technologies] Vestnik Orel GAU, 2012, № 3 (36), pp. 81-85. (in Russian)
8. Morozova N.G., Kichina V.V. Osobennosti gibridov yabloni s kolonnovidnoy kronoy [Peculiarities of apple tree hybrids with columnar crown]. Plodoovoshchnoe khozyaystvo, 1987, № 10, pp. 19-21. (in Russian)
9. Sedov E.N., Serova Z.M. Selektsiya yabloni na kompaktnyy gabitus dereva [Breeding of apple tree on a compact habit] //Selektsiya yabloni v SSSR: sb. st., Orel, 1981, pp. 124-128. (in Russian)
10. Sedov E.N., Serova Z.M. Sozdanie sortov yabloni intensivnogo tipa [Creation of apple tree varieties of intensive type.]. Orel: Priok. kn. izd-vo, 1984, 104 p. (in Russian)

KEY WORDS: BREEDING, VARIETY INVESTIGATION, SMALL FRUITS, VARIETY, DONOR, SOURCE, PCR ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT: The results of the long-term investigations in the field of breeding and variety investigation of small fruits the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding are given. The created variety collections of small fruits were allowed singling out the most adaptive varieties and sources for cultivation in the local conditions and for further breeding. The breeding work has being carried out according to long-term programs. The basic methods of the research are interspecific and intervarietal crossings. The use of donors of resistance to powdery mildew, rust and bud mite in the hybridization has allowed accelerating the development of black currant varieties with a complex resistance to diseases and bud mite. A method of selection of black currant varieties resistant to powdery mildew, rust and bud mite has been developed and certificated. A genetically new initial gooseberry material resistant to powdery mildew and leaf spots have been obtained when using Grossularia robusta. The researches show the prospects of PCR methods in black currant breeding for resistance to bud mite and estimations of genetic diversity of the small fruits gene pool. About 30 black currants, 19 red currants and 6 gooseberries have been selected at the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding as a result of the long-term breeding that signifi cantly influenced upon the up-to-date assortment of small fruits in RF. A unique variety and hybrid gene pool of small fruits has been created in the institute as a pledge of success for further breeding work.

1. Bogomolova N.I. Agroekologicheskie aspekty adaptivnosti oblepikhi krushinovidnoy v usloviyakh Tsentralno-Chernozemnogo regiona Rossii: avtoref. diss… k. s.-kh. nauk.[ Agri-environmental aspects of the adaptability of sea buckthorn in the conditions of Central Chernozem region of Russia: the abstract of thesis PhD in agriculture].Orel, 2009, 23 p. (in Russian)
2. Golyaeva O.D. Prioritetnye napravleniya i sovershenstvovanie sortimenta smorodiny krasnoy [Priority areas and improving of the assortment of red currant]. Selektsiya i sortorazvedenie sadovykh kultur. Innovatsionnye priemy v selektsii i sovershenstvovanie sortimenta plodovykh i yagodnykh kultur: sb. nauch. rabot. Orel: VNIISPK, 2014, Vol. 1, pp. 212-223. (in Russian)
3. Gryuner L.A., Kuleshova O.V. Prodolzhitelnost vegetatsii i dinamika rosta pobegov ezheviki v usloviyakh Orlovskoy oblasti [The duration of the growing season and the dynamics of growth of shoots of blackberries under the Oryol region] Sovremennoe sadovodstvo: genetika, selektsiya, sortoizuchenie, 2014, №4, http//: journal.vniispk.ru. (in Russian)
4. Knyazev S.D., Ogoltsova T.P. Selektsiya chernoy smorodiny na sovremennom etape. [Breeding of blackcurrant at the present stage],Orel: OrelGAU, 2004, 238 p. (in Russian)
5. Knyazev S.D., Nikolaev A.V. Nasledovanie ustoychivosti k stolbchatoy rzhavchine i sozdanie donorov i sortov s oligogennym kontrolem priznaka [Inheritance of resistance to rust and the creation of a columnar donors and varieties with oligogene control of feature] Doklady RASKhN, 2007, № 6, pp. 17-20. (in Russian)
6. Kurashev O.V. Perspektivnyeotbornyeformykryzhovnika, poluchennye ot otdalennykh skreshchivaniy s vidom Grossularia robusta [Prospective selective forms of gooseberries, derived from distant crosses with genus Grossularia robusta] Selektsiya, genetikai sortovaya agrotekhnika plodovykhkul'tur: sb. nauch. statey. Orel: VNIISPK, 2013, pp. 118-123. (in Russian)
7. Patent №2376753 Russian Federation. A method of selecting resistant to columnar rust, powdery mildew and mite bud plants of black currants/Knyazev S.D., Nikolaev A.V., № 2008108653/12, bul. №36, 3 p. (in Russian)
8. Pikunova A.V. et al. Primenenie RAPD-analiza dlya izucheniya polimorfizma i filogeneticheskikh svyazey u predstaviteley roda Ribes L.[The use of RAPD-analysis to study the polymorphisms and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Ribes L.] Ekologicheskaya genetika, 2011. –Vol. IX, № 2, pp. 34-44. (in Russian)

KEY WORDS: PHYSIOLOGY OF FRUIT PLANT, RESISTANCE, WINTER HARDINES, HEAT RESISTANCE, DROUGHT TOLERANCE

ABSTRACT: In 2015 the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding celebrates its 170 anniversary. This article summarizes the work of the laboratory of physiology of resistance of fruit crops in the last 44 years. The research results of cherry seedlings selection for winter hardiness by negative temperature influence upon germinating seeds and flower buds after thaw are presented. The results of the long-term investigations of the basic components of fruit and small fruits winter hardiness by artificial freezing method are discussed. The genotypes of fruit and small fruits having all components of winter hardiness have been singled out. The prospects of study of physiological and biochemical processes and mechanisms which occur in plants during the adaptation to a stress have been analyzed. It gives an opportunity to develop new highly adaptive varieties of fruit and small fruits crops.

1. Kolesnikova A.F., Zubareva G.V., Zhdanova G.P. K voprosu o povyshenii effektivnosti otbora seyantsev vishni na zimostoykost [On the question of increasing the efficiency of selection of seedlings cherry on hardiness] Selektsiya, sortoizuchenie, agrotekhnika plodovykh i yagodnykh kultur, Tula: Priok. kn. izd-vo, 1974, pp. 86-96. (in Russian)
2. Ozherelyeva Z.E., Golyaeva O.D. Rezultaty iskusstvennogo promorazhivaniya smorodiny krasnoy [Results of artificial freezing of red currant] Dostizhenie nauki i tekhniki APK, 2010, № 6. pp. 50-51. (in Russian)
3. Ozherelyeva Z.E., Sedov E.N. Zimostoykost sortov i form yabloni selektsii VNIISPK v kontroliruemykh usloviyakh [Winter hardiness of apple varieties and forms of breeding inVNIISPK under controlled conditions] Saratovskiy vestnik GAU, 2011, № 10, S. 29-35.
4. Ozherelyeva Z.E., Korneeva S.A. Potentsial ustoychivosti novykh kolonnovidnykh sortov yabloni selektsii VNIISPK v zimniy period [The potential for resitance of new columnar apple varieties breeding in VNIISPK in winter] Plodovodstvo i yagodovodstvo Rossii, 2012, Vol. XXIX, part 2. pp. 72-78. (in Russian)
5. Ozherelyeva Z.E., Bogomolova N.I. Zimostoykost oblepikhi krushinovidnoy v usloviyakh Orlovskoy oblasti [Winter hardiness of sea-buckthorn in the conditions of the Oryol region] Plodovodstvo i yagodovodstvoRossii, 2012, Vol. XXXI, part 2, pp. 103-110. (in Russian)
6. Prudnikov P.S., Zhuk G.P. Uchastie selena v formirovanii ustoychivosti yabloni k parshe [Participation of selenium in the formation of the resistance to apple scab] Fiziko-khimicheskie osnovy strukturno-funktsional'noy organizatsii rasteniy: tez. dokl. Mezhd. nauch. konf. -Ekaterinburg, 2008, pp. 345-346. (in Russian)
7. Prudnikov P.S. Osobennosti fiziologo-biokhimicheskogo deystviya selena na sazhentsy yabloni [Peculiarities of physiological and biochemical actions of selenium on apple seedlings] Uchenye zapiski Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2012, Vol. 50, № 6, pp. 162-166. (in Russian)
8. Prudnikov P.S., Lebkova O.A. Osobennosti vliyaniya gidroksikorichnykh kislot na fiziologobiokhimicheskie protsessy rasteniy zemlyaniki pri deystvii medno-svintsovogo stressa [Peculiarities of influence of hydroxycinnamic acids on the physiological and biochemical processes of strawberry plants under the influence of copper-lead stress] Treti chteniya, posvyashchennye pamyati professora Efremova S.I., Vserossiyskaya konferentsiya «Sovremennye aspekty strukturno-funktsional'noy biologii rasteniy i gribov», Orel: GOU VPO «Orlovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet», 2010, pp. 71-76. (in Russian)
9. Sedov E.N. Selektsiya i sortiment yabloni dlya Tsentral'nykh regionov Rossii [Breeding and assortment of apple trees for the central region of Russia.] Orel: VNIISPK, 2005, 312 p. (in Russian)
10. Tyurina M.M., Gogoleva G.A., Efimova N.V. et al. Opredeleniya ustoychivosti plodovykh i yagodnykh kultur k stressoram kholodnogo vremeni goda v polevykh i kontroliruemykh usloviyakh [Determination of the resistance of fruit trees and small-fruit crops to stressors of cold season in the field and under controlled conditions], M., 2002, 120 p. (in Russian)

KEY WORDS: FRUIT AND BERRY CROPS, VARIETIES, ELITE AND SELECTED SEEDLINGS, BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FRUIT

ABSTRACT: The results of biochemical study of fruit of 10 fruit and small fruit crops (apple, pear, sour cherry, sweet cherry, plum, strawberry, black currant, red currant, gooseberry and sea buckthorn) are presented for the period 1995-2014. 956 variety samples were investigated for the whole period. The contents of soluble solids, sugars, organic acids and phenolics were estimated. It is noted that fruit and small fruit crops cultivated in conditions of the Central Chernozem Region vary in the content of different biochemical components in fruit. The varietal differences of biochemical characters were determined for each crop and the best genotypes were singled out for their further use in breeding and introduction into orchard industry. The highest content of the ascorbic acid was found in the following varieties and hybrid forms: apples - Veteran, Ivanovskoye, Vita and 91 elite and selected seedlings; cherries - ELS 32512; plums - Bolhovchanka, Evrasia-21, Okskaya, ELS 12614 and OS 18896; strawberries - Vechnaya Vesna, Divnaya, Kalinka, Lirovidnaya, Pandora and Sudarushka; black currants - Ametist, Desertnaya Ogoltsovoyoy, Orlovskaya Serenada, Perun, Pegas, Tatianin Den and 14 elite and selected seedlings; red currants - Asya, Marmeladnitsa, Niva, Ustina and 16 elite and selected seedlings; gooseberries - ELS 17-8-8; seabuckthorn - Desert Maslichny, Dubovchanka, Zolotaya Kosa, Zolotoy Kluchik, Karamelka, Moriachka, Ranniy Stolovy and Surpriz Baltiki. On the basis of analysis of hybrid progeny of apples, black currants and red currants it has been concluded that there is an opportunity to obtain genotypes with the necessary level of expression of biochemical characters on the basis of parental form selection as well as to combine several characters of biochemical composition with large fruit size in one genotype.

1. Makarkina M.A. Selektsiya yabloni i smorodiny krasnoy na uluchshenie khimicheskogo sostava plodov: avtoref. dis. … d. s.-kh. nauk [Breeding of apple and red currant on improving the chemical composition of fruits: abstract of doctoral dissertation in agricultural sciences] -Bryansk, 2009, 49 p. (in Russian)
2. Metody biokhimicheskogo issledovaniya rasteniy/pod red. A.I. Ermakova [Methods of biochemical research of plants. A.I Ermakov, ed.]. Leningrad: Agropromizdat, Leningradskoe otd., 1987. -430 s. (in Russian)
3. Pavel A.R. Biokhimicheskaya kharakteristika i tovarnye kachestva plodov novykh immunnykh k parshe sortov yabloni selektsii VNIISPK: avtoref. dis. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. s.-kh. nauk [Biochemical characterization and product quality of the fruits of new immune to scab apple varieties breeding in VNIISPK: abstract of PhD dissertation in agriculture], Orel, 2007, 23 s. (in Russian)
4. Programma i metodika selektsii plodovykh, yagodnykh i orekhoplodnykh kultur [Programme and methodology for breeding varieties of fruit, small-fruit, and nut-bearing crops], Orel: VNIISPK, 1995, 504 p. (in Russian)
5. Programma i metodika sortoizucheniya plodovykh, yagodnykh i orekhoplodnykh kultur [Programme and methodology for studying varieties of fruit, small-fruit, and nut-bearing crops], Michurinsk, 1973, 492 p. (in Russian)
6. Sedova Z.A. Rezultaty 35-letney raboty po otsenke khimicheskogo sostava plodov i yagod [The results of 35 years of work on the assessment of the chemical composition of fruits and small-fruit] Selektsiya isortorazvedenie sadovykh kul'tur. Orel: VNIISPK, 1995, pp. 249-257. (in Russian)
7. Sedova Z.A., Leonchenko V.G., Astakhov A.I. Otsenka sortov po khimicheskomu sostavu plodov[Evaluation of varieties on the chemical composition of fruits] Programma i metodika sortoizucheniya plodovykh, yagodnykh i orekhoplodnykh kul'tur/pod obshch. red. E.N. Sedova, T.P. Ogoltsovoy. Orel: VNIISPK, 1999, 608 p. (in Russian)
8. Yanchuk T.V. Otbor i otsenka iskhodnogo materiala dlya selektsii smorodiny chernoy na uluchshenie biokhimicheskogo sostava yagod: avtoref. dis. na soisk. uchen. step. kand. s.-kh. nauk. [The selection and evaluation of source material for breeding of blackcurrant to improve the biochemical composition of fruits: abstract of PhD dissertation in agriculture]. Orel, 2013, 22 p. (in Russian)

KEY WORDS: APPLE, VARIETY, ADAPTIVITY, CARBOHYDRATE DYNAMICS, PHENOLICS, FERMENT ACTIVITY, WINTER HARDINESS DIAGNOSTICS

ABSTRACT: As a result of the long-term study of apple winter hardiness the varieties Veteran, Bolotovskoye, Imrus, Candil Orlovsky, Kulikovskoye, Pamyat Voinu, Orlik, Orlinka, Orlovskoye Polosatoye, Prishvinskoye, Olimpiyskoye, Pamyat Isaeva, Sinap Orlovsky, Rozhdestvenskoye and Svezhest breeding in the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding have been recognized as apple varieties having resistance to unfavorable winter conditions on the level of Antonovka Obyknovennaya and that is sufficient for the Middle zone of fruit-growing in Russia. By means of modeling injuring factors in autumn and winter the resistance potential of buds and tissues was determined according to the components of winter hardiness. The use of physiological and biochemical methods allowed to determine the variations of gaining the resistant state in autumn and winter for apple varieties with different winter hardiness. Under air temperature lowing in autumn and winter and under cryostress force the increase of the quantity of bound water in shoot cells, saccharose, anthocyans, cyanidins, proline and ascorbic acid playing the protective role in resistance to unfavorable winter conditions were observed in winter hardy varieties (Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Imrus, Orlovim, Svezhest, Rozhdestvenskoye, etc.) in contrast to those varieties which were not winter hardy (Priam). A low level of peroxidase activity and higher activity of polyphenoloxidase were determined in winter hardy varieties during autumn and winter that may be considered as one of the plant functions of adaptativity favoring the resistance to unfavorable winter conditions. It is concluded that the indices of bound water relative to unbound water, ferment activity, dynamics of saccharose, proline, ascorbic acid anthocyans and cyanidins contents in shoot tissues as well as their response to cryostresses may be the diagnostic showing of resistance of apple varieties to unfavorable conditions.

1. Golyshkina L.V., Galasheva A.M., Krasova N.G. Dinamika aktivnosti nekotorykh okislitel'nykh fermentov v pobegakh yabloni s razlichnoy stepen'yu zimostoykosti [Dynamics of oxidative activity of some enzymes in apple shoots with varying degrees of hardiness] Genetika i selektsiya plodovykh kultur: sb. nauch. st. Orel: VNIISPK, 2012, pp. 43-49. (in Russian)
2. Gudkovskiy V.A., Kashirskaya N.Ya., Tsukanova E.M. Stress plodovykh rasteniy [Stress of fruit plants.], Voronezh: Kvarta, 2005, 128 p. (in Russian)
3. Doroshenko T.N., Zakharchuk H.B., Ryazanova L.G. Fiziologo-biokhimicheskie kriterii otsenki adaptivnogo potentsiala sortov yabloni [Physiological and biochemical criteria for assessing the adaptive capacity of apple varieties] Razvitie nauchnogo naslediya I.V. Michurina po genetike i selektsii plodovykhkul'tur (XXII Michurinskie chteniya): mater. mezhdunarod. konf., posvyashch. 155-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya I.V. Michurina (26-28 oktyabrya 2010 g., Michurinsk), Michurinsk-naukograd RF, 2010, pp. 37-40. (in Russian)
4. Ermakov A.I., Arasimovich V.V., Yarosh N.P. Metody biokhimicheskogo issledovaniya rasteniy [Methods of biochemical research of plants.], Leningrad: Agropromizdat. Leningr. otd., 1987, 430 p. (in Russian)
5. Zhuchenko A.A. Adaptivnaya sistema selektsii rasteniy (ekologicheskie osnovy) [Adaptive system of plant breeding (environmental bases)], Moscow: Izd-vo RUDN, 2001, 1490 p. (in Russian)
6. Zhuchenko A.A. Puti povysheniya ustoychivosti selskokhozyaystvennogo proizvodstva v sovremennykh usloviyakh [Ways to improve the stability of agricultural production in modern conditions]. Glavnye prioritety adaptatsii rastenievodstva k neblagopriyatnym pogodnym usloviyam: mater. Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. 13-15 iyulya 2005 g., Orel, 2005, pp. 6-11. (in Russian)
7. Krasova N.G., Ozherel'yeva Z.E., Golyshkina L.V., Makarkina M.A., Galasheva A.M. Zimostoykost' sortov yabloni. [Winter hardiness of apple varieties]. Orel: VNIISPK, 2014, 183 p. (in Russian)
8. Krasova N.G., Galasheva A.M., Golyshkina L.V., Yanchuk T.V. Vliyanie nizkikh temperatur na nekotorye fiziologo-biokhimicheskie pokazateli sortov yabloni razlichnoy zimostoykosti [Effect of low temperature on some physiological and biochemical indices of different varieties of apple hardiness] Vestnik OrelGAU, 2012, № 3 (36), pp. 86-90. (in Russian)
9. Kozlovskaya Z.A., Kamzolova O.I., Biryuk E.N. Metodika uskorennoy otsenki zimostoykosti yabloni s ispol'zovaniem izofermentnogo analiza peroksidazy [Methods of rapid evalution of hardiness of apple using isozyme analysis of peroxidase] Plodovodstvo: nauch. tr. -Samokhvalovichi: In-t plodovodstva NAN Belarusi, 2005, Vol. 17., part. 1, pp. 265-274. (in Russian)
10. Leonchenko V.G., Evseeva R.P., Zhbanova E.V., Cherenkova T.A. Predvaritelnyy otbor perspektivnykh genotipov plodovykh rasteniy na ekologicheskuyu ustoychivosti biokhimicheskuyu tsennost plodov: metod. rekom. [Pre-selection of promising genotypes of fruit plants on environmental stability and biochemical value of fruits: methodological instructions] Michurinsk-naukograd RF, 2007, 72 p. (in Russian)